Možnosti použití dvourozměrné chromatografie
Analytičtí chemici se při analýze současných složitých vzorků setkávají s nemožností separovat tyto směsi v průběhu jedné analýzy, případně s nutností věnovat jim neadekvátní množství času nutné k separaci. V těchto případech je vhodné použít dvourozměrnou kapalinovou chromatografii, díky níž je možné dosáhnout mnohonásobně větší píkové kapacity.
Separace v kapalinové chromatografii může probíhat buď na tenké vrstvě stacionární fáze (tenkovrstevná chromatografie, TLC) nebo v koloně naplněné stacionární fází (kolonová chromatografie, LC).
V prvním případě (TLC) dochází k separaci složek směsi v prostoru omezeném rozměrem separační desky. Doba analýzy je stejná pro všechny složky, zatímco jejich migrační vzdálenost roste s rostoucí retencí látky. Rozlišení mezi dvěma látkami roste s rostoucí vzdáleností, tzn. že pro více zadržováné látky je větší. V tomto případě mluvíme o separaci v prostoru (LCx).
V druhém případě (LC) jsou složky směsi vzorku eluovány z kolony a rozděleny v závislosti na jejich retečních časech. Vzdálenost, kterou musí látky urazit je pro všechny stejná a je definována délkou kolony, zatímco jejich retence roste od látek nezadržovaných až po látky s vysokou retencí. Účinnost separace pro jednotlivé látky závisí na stupni jejich retence. Tento typ separací můžeme označit jako separaci v čase, časovou separaci (LCt).
Vzájemnou kombinací těchto dvou možností lze získat čtyři uspořádání dvourozměrných separačních systémů: LCt x LCt, LCx x LCt, LCt x LCx a LCx x LCx. Výhody, nevýhody, problémy a možné využití těchto systémů jsou podrobně popsány v jednom z nejnovějších článků prof. Guiochona.
V současné době je nejčastěji používaným (a nejvíce studovaným) systémem (kolonové) uspořádání LCt x LCt. Studie George Guiochona a jeho skupiny naznačuje, že dvourozměrné uspořádání tenkovrstevné s kolonovou chromatografií TLC-LC (LCx x LCt) umožňuje simultánní separaci všech frakcí z první (plošné) dimenze v druhé (kolonové) dimenzi. Hlavní výhodou tohoto uspořádání je významná úspora času.
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autor: j.u. |
Pondělí 24. 03. 2008, 21.16 | tisk | Vícerozměrné techniky |
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Náplní těchto stránek je separační metoda zvaná chromatografie.
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Přečtěte si teoretické základy chromatografie.
Znáte chromatografii?
Pak by vás mohly zajímat novinky, týkající se zejména monolitických stacionárních fází a vícerozměrných separačních technik.
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